Cronologia della matematica

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Stone Age
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Classical Antiquity
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Viazovska
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Mirzakhani
Tao
Perelman
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Wilkins
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Blackwell
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Lorenz
Gardner
Erdős
Turing
Chern
Weil
Gödel
von Neumann
Kolmogorov
Cartwright
Shannon
Escher
Cox
Ramanujan
Noether
Einstein
Hardy
Russell
Hilbert
Peano
Poincaré
Kovalevskaya
Cantor
Lie
Carroll
Dedekind
Riemann
Cayley
Nightingale
Lovelace
Boole
Sylvester
Galois
Jacobi
De Morgan
Hamilton
Bolyai
Abel
Lobachevsky
Babbage
Möbius
Cauchy
Somerville
Gauss
Germain
Wang
Fourier
Legendre
Mascheroni
Laplace
Monge
Lagrange
Banneker
Lambert
Agnesi
Euler
Du Châtelet
Bernoulli
Goldbach
Simson
De Moivre
Bernoulli
Ceva
Leibniz
Seki
Newton
Pascal
Wallis
Fermat
Cavalieri
Descartes
Desargues
Mersenne
Kepler
Galileo
Napier
Stevin
Viète
Pedro Nunes
Cardano
Tartaglia
Copernicus
Da Vinci
Pacioli
Regiomontanus
Madhava
Oresme
Zhu Shijie
Yang
Qin Jiushao
Al-Din Tusi
Li Ye
Fibonacci
Bhaskara
Bhaskara II
Khayyam
Jia
Al-Haytham
Al-Karaji
Thabit
Al-Khwarizmi
Bhaskara I
Brahmagupta
Aryabhata
Zu
Hypatia
Liu
Diophantus
Ptolemy
Nicomachus
Heron
Hipparchus
Apollonius
Eratosthenes
Archimedes
Pingala
Euclid
Aristotle
Eudoxus
Plato
Democritus
Zeno
Pythagoras
Thales
Ishango Bone
Counters
MS 3047
VAT 12593
Plimpton 322
YBC 7289
YBC 7290
Rhind Papyrus
Tomb of Menna
Bamboo Table
Elements
Palimpsest
Suàn shù shū
Khmer Zero
Al-Jabr
Al-Jabr
Lilavati
Maya Codex
Liber Abaci
Siyuan Yujian
Incan Quipu
Polyhedra
Aztec Dates
c. 300 BCE:  Indian mathematician Pingala writes about zero, binary numbers, Fibonacci numbers, and Pascal’s triangle.
c. 260 BCE:  Archimedes proves that π is between 3.1429 and 3.1408.
c. 235 BCE:  Eratosthenes uses a sieve algorithm to quickly find prime numbers.
c. 200 BCE:  The “Suàn shù shū” (Book on Numbers and Computation) is one of the oldest Chinese texts about mathematics.
c. 100 CE:  Nicomachus poses the oldest still-unsolved problem in mathematics: whether there are any odd perfect numbers.
c. 250 CE:  The Mayan culture in Central America flourishes, and uses a base-20 numeral system.
c. 830 CE:  Al-Khwarizmi publishes “Kitab al-jabr wa al-muqābalah”, the first book about – and the namesake of – Algebra.
1202:  Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci introduces Arabic numerals to Europe, as well as simple algebra and the Fibonacci numbers.
1482:  First printed edition of Euclid’s Elements
1545:  Cardano conceives the idea of complex numbers.
1609:  Kepler publishes the “Astronomia nova”, where he explains that planets move on elliptical orbits.
1618:  Napier publishes the first references to the number e, in a book on logarithms.
1637:  Fermat claims to have proven Fermat’s Last Theorem.
1654:  Pascal and Fermat develop the theory of probability.
1684:  Leibniz’ publishes the first paper on the calculus.
1687:  Newton publishes the Principia Mathematica, containing the laws of gravity and motion, as well as his version of calculus.
1736:  Euler solves the Königsberg bridges problem by inventing graph theory.
1761:  Lambert proves that π is irrational
1799:  Gauss proves the fundamental theorem of algebra.
1829:  Bolyai, Gauss and Lobachevsky all invent hyperbolic non-Euclidean geometry.
1832:  Galois finds a general condition for solving algebraic equations, thereby founding Group theory and Galois theory.
1858:  August Ferdinand Möbius invents the Möbius strip.
1874:  Cantor proves that there are different “sizes” of infinity, and that the real numbers are uncountable.
1895:  Poincaré’s paper “Analysis Situs” starts modern topology.
1905:  Einstein explains the photoelectric effect and Brownian motion, discovers special relativity, and E = mc².
1915:  Noether shows that every conservation law in physics corresponds to a symmetry of the universe.
1931:  Gödel’s incompleteness theorem establishes that mathematics will always be incomplete.
1939:  A group of French mathematicians publish their first book under the pseudonym of Nicolas Bourbaki, on Set theory.
1961:  Lorenz discovers chaotic behaviour in weather simulations – the butterfly effect.
1976:  Appel and Haken prove the Four Colour Conjecture using a computer.
1977:  Adelman, Rivest and Shamir introduce public-key cryptography using prime numbers.
1994:  Andrew Wiles proves Fermat’s Last Theorem.
2000:  The Clay Mathematics Institute published the seven Millenium Prize Problems.
2003:  Perelman proves the Poincaré conjecture, the only one of the seven Millennium problems that have been solved to date.
c. 9100 BCE:  Oldest known agricultural settlement in Cyprus.
c. 2030 BCE:  The Sumerian city of Ur is the largest city in the world.
c. 3500 BCE:  The first vehicles with wheels appear in Mesopotamia and Eastern Europe.
c. 3200 BCE:  The first writing systems appear in Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley.
c. 3000 BCE:  First evidence of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron.
c. 2560 BCE:  The Great Pyramid of Giza is built in ancient Egypt, for Pharaoh Khufu.
c. 1754 BCE:  The Babylonian King Hammurabi Issues the Code of Hammurabi, one of the first legal documents.
776 BCE:  The first Olympic Games competition takes place in Greece.
753 BCE:  Legendary date of the founding of Rome.
c. 563 BCE:  Buddha is born in India. His teachings become the foundation of Buddhism.
c. 551 BCE:  Confucius is born in China. His teachings become the foundation of Confucianism.
490 BCE:  Greece stop the Persian invasion at the battle of Marathon. The Classical period begins.
432 BCE:  The Acropolis is built in Athens, during its golden age under the rule of Pericles.
399 BCE:  Socrates is sentenced to death, refuses to escape, and drinks a cup of poison.
327 BCE:  Alexander the Great invades India, having created an enormous empire across Asia.
c. 221 BCE:  Qin Shi Huang unifies China and starts construction of the Great Wall.
146 BCE:  The Roman army destroys Carthage, ending the Third Punic War.
44 BCE:  Julius Caesar is murdered.
4 BCE:  Jesus of Nazareth is born in Bethlehem, establishing Christianity.
180 CE:  The death of Marcus Aurelius ends the Pax Romana, a 200 year period of peace across Europe.
476 CE:  Fall of the Roman Empire
570 CE:  Muhammad, the founder of Islam, is born in Mecca.
c. 641 CE:  The Library of Alexandria is destroyed.
800 CE:  Charlemagne is crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor.
c. 870 CE:  Norse explorers discover and colonise Iceland.
1066:  William the Conqueror wins the battle of Hastings and is crowned King of England.
1088:  The first university is established in Bologna, Italy.
1096:  The First Crusade is launched by Pope Urban II.
1206:  Genghis Khan defeats his rivals and receives the title “Universal Ruler of the Mongols”.
1215:  King John of England is forced to sign the Magna Carta, restricting his powers.
1266:  Marco Polo arrives at the court of Kublai Khan in Beijing.
c. 1347:  The Black Death kills millions of people across Europe.
1439:  Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press.
1453:  The Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople, marking the fall of the Byzantine empire.
1492:  Christopher Columbus arrives in America, starting a new age of European conquest.
1517:  Martin Luther publishes his 95 theses, starting the Protestant reformation.
1522:  Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates Earth.
1543:  Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus writes that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
1588:  Under Queen Elizabeth I, England defeats the Spanish Armada.
1603:  William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” is performed for the first time.
1633:  Galileo Galilei is tried by the Catholic Inquisition for his scientific writings.
1649:  King Charles I is tried and beheaded during the English Civil War.
1756:  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is born in Austria.
c. 1765:  James Watt invents a more efficient steam engine, that will power the industrial revolution.
1776:  America Issues its Declaration of Independence from Great Britain.
1789:  Revolutionaries storm the Bastille in Paris, starting the French Revolution.
1804:  Napoleon is crowned emperor of France.
1819:  Simón Bolívar defeats Spain at the Battle of Boyacá, leading to the independence of many South American countries.
1837:  Samuel Morse and others develop electrical telegraphs.
1859:  Charles Darwin publishes “On the Origin of Species”, introducing natural selection.
1865:  Abraham Lincoln is assassinated, at the end of the American Civil War.
1876:  Alexander Bell invents the telephone.
1903:  The Wright Brothers construct the first powered, heavier-than-air aircraft.
1914:  Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated in Sarajevo, starting the first World War.
1929:  The Black Tuesday stock market crash starts the great depression.
1939:  Adolf Hitler invades Poland, starting World War II.
1953:  Watson and Crick discover the double-helix structure of DNA.
1957:  The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first man-made satellite into space.
1969:  Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land and walk on the moon.
1975:  End of the Vietnam War
1989:  Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web.